Journal title Agro Bali : Agricultural Journal Initials AB Abbreviation Agro. Bali. Agric. J. Frequency 3 issues per year | March, July, and November DOI Prefix 10.37637 E-ISSN 2655-853X (online) Editor-in-chief Jhon Hardy Purba Publisher Faculty of Agriculture, Panji Sakti University ReviewersCredits This journal uses ReviewerCredits to recognize reviewers and track review contributions. Indexed by Scopus, Sinta, Dimensions, Garuda, Crossref, WorldCat, BASE, Google Scholar, etc. Agro Bali : Agricultural Journal is an open-access and peer-reviewed journal that publishes original research articles, theoretical studies, and scientific papers in agriculture within the journal’s focus and scope. The journal is published three times annually, in March, July, and November. The journal was submitted to Scopus on April 2, 2025, and after a thorough evaluation, was officially accepted for inclusion in Scopus on September 15, 2025, becoming available on scopus.com on November 1, 2025. The journal has been accredited by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia with a decree number 204/E/KPT/2022, ranked in Science and Technology Index 2 (Sinta-2). Since volume 7 number 3, 2024 this journal has published full-text articles in English only, after publishing full-text articles in Indonesian and/or English in previous issues.
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Valorization of Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia) Seeds as a Functional Food Ingredient: Physicochemical and Structural Characterization
Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) seeds are commonly discarded as agro-industrial by-products despite their rich nutritional composition and potential as functional food ingredients. The underutilization of these seeds not only contributes to environmental burdens but also represents a missed opportunity for sustainable waste valorization and resource recovery. Although increasing attention has been paid to the utilization of food processing by-products, limited information is available on the effects of lyophilization on the physicochemical, functional, structural, thermal, and morphological properties of bitter gourd seed powder. Therefore, this study aimed to compare untreated bitter gourd seed powder (BGSP) with lyophilized bitter gourd seed powder (LBGSP) to determine the effectiveness of lyophilization in preserving and enhancing the quality attributes of the resulting powder for potential functional food applications. Functional properties, including the water absorption index, oil absorption index, wettability, and swelling index, were determined using standardized analytical methods. Structural and morphological characteristics were investigated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (FESEM–EDX), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and zeta potential analyses. Compared with untreated BGSP, LBGSP exhibited superior functional performance, improved preservation of proteins, polysaccharides, and other functional groups, a more porous and less aggregated microstructure, greater retention of essential mineral elements, enhanced colloidal stability, and reduced particle aggregation. Furthermore, thermal analysis revealed a substantially higher residual mass for LBGSP (23.1%) than for BGSP (11.42%), indicating improved thermal stability. These improvements were primarily attributed to the low-temperature vacuum dehydration process during lyophilization, which effectively minimized thermal degradation while preserving structural integrity and biofunctional components. Overall, the findings demonstrate that lyophilization is an effective processing strategy for improving the functional and structural quality of bitter gourd seed powder, thereby supporting its development as a sustainable functional food ingredient while promoting the valorization of agro-industrial waste.
Copyright (c) 2026 Radha Ranganathan, Bhawaani Selvakumar, Tinu Dhanaraj https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Biological Treatment of Agro-Processing Effluents Using Mycofiltration for Improved Maize Root Development in Cross River State, Nigeria
Untreated agro-processing effluents pose a significant and growing threat to soil and water quality in developing economies, underscoring the need for low-cost, environmentally sound biological treatment options. This study evaluated mycofiltration as a biological treatment for effluents from cassava, maize, palm oil mills, and abattoirs. Four fungal species: Shiitake (Lentinula edodes), Brick top (Hypholoma sublateritium), Phoenix mushroom (Pleurotus pulmonarius), and King Stropharia (Stropharia annulata) were considered in this study. The experiment used a 5 × 5 factorial design, replicated three times. The study was carried out in 3 sequential phases. The first phase was a 14-day laboratory immersion trial. The second was a screen-house-pot trial. The final phase took place in a rain-fed field over one growing season. Mycofiltration reduced electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, and biological and chemical oxygen demands (BOD, COD) in cassava, maize, and abattoir effluents (p < 0.0001). Brick top and King Stropharia spawns achieved the greatest reductions. For abattoir effluent, BOD declined from 8,325.46 to 2,001.11 mg/L (76%) and COD from 13,200.12 to 6,019.81 mg/L (54%) under King Stropharia treatment. In the laboratory phase, abattoir effluent filtered with Brick top (E4M2) produced maize root lengths exceeding those of the water control by 178% (7.333 vs. 2.632 cm); this root growth benefit persisted across the screen house and field phases. Palm oil mill effluent inhibited root development by 46-53% across all phases and fungal treatments, reflecting its recalcitrant load (BOD 28,400.56 mg/L; COD 45,760.82 mg/L in raw form). The factorial ANOVA results confirmed that effluent type and mushroom spawn both significantly affect mycofiltration performance. These findings demonstrate that mycofiltration performance is effluent-specific. Findings from this study provide quantitative evidence that mushroom spawn selection must be matched to the target effluent type to achieve both compliant discharge and beneficial agricultural reuse.
Copyright (c) 2026 Victoria Francis Ediene, Peggy O. Willie, Linus Beba Akeh, Mary-Ibenreh O. Agba, Jacinta N. Chukwuemeka, Otobong Benjamin Iren https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Inequality in Adaptive Capacity and Its Impact on Agricultural Efficiency: Evidence from Farm-Level Data in India
Despite growing evidence on climate adaptation and agricultural efficiency, limited research has integrated adaptive capacity, technical efficiency, and structural inequality within a single analytical framework in climate-vulnerable regions of India. This study addresses this gap using a cross-sectional survey of 384 farm households selected through a multi-stage stratified sampling design across four agro-ecological zones of Rajasthan. Technical efficiency was estimated using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), its determinants were analysed using a Tobit regression model, and inequality was assessed using the Gini coefficient. The mean technical efficiency score was 0.64, indicating substantial scope for improving resource use. The Adaptation Index significantly increased technical efficiency (β = 0.041, p < 0.001), with each additional adaptation strategy raising efficiency by 3.2 percentage points. Irrigation access and wealth also exerted significant positive effects. However, efficiency gains remained uneven, with greater inequality among rain-fed (Gini = 0.367) and small farms (0.351) than irrigated (0.248) and large farms (0.221). The findings highlight the need for policies that strengthen adaptive capacity while reducing structural inequalities in access to resources.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shashi Kumar R https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Organic Fertilizer Source and Rate Determine Growth, Flower Yield, and Phytochemical Quality of Butterfly Pea on Ultisol
Butterfly pea is increasingly valued as a functional flower crop because its petals are rich in flavonoids and anthocyanins, which are used as natural colorants and antioxidants. However, production on Ultisol is frequently constrained by poor soil fertility and limited nutrient availability. This study evaluated the effects of organic fertilizer source and application rate on vegetative growth, flowering, and phytochemical quality under greenhouse conditions. The study provides an integrated factorial assessment of these response domains across contrasting organic fertilizer sources and rates on Ultisol. A 3 × 4 completely randomized factorial design with three replications compared cattle manure, poultry manure, and water hyacinth bokashi at nominal as-received rates of 5, 10, 15, and 20 t ha⁻¹. Responses included vegetative traits, flowering time, flower number, total flavonoids, and anthocyanins. Fertilizer source, application rate, and their interaction significantly affected flower number, total flavonoid content, and anthocyanin content (all P < 0.001). Poultry manure at 15 t ha⁻¹ produced 48.11 flowers plant⁻¹, 27.00 mg mL⁻¹ QE total flavonoids, and 1.65 mg 100 g⁻¹ anthocyanins; flower number was 32.0% greater than with cattle manure at the same rate. Increasing poultry manure from 15 to 20 t ha⁻¹ reduced flower number, total flavonoids, and anthocyanins by 20.1%, 43.5%, and 43.0%, respectively. Rate responses were non-monotonic and fertilizer-source-dependent. Poultry manure at 15 t ha⁻¹ was the best-performing treatment among those evaluated for balancing flower production and phytochemical quality. These findings support source-specific organic nutrient management of butterfly pea on acidic Ultisols, although multi-location field trials and nutrient-equivalent comparisons are needed before broad recommendations can be made.
Copyright (c) 2026 M. Laily Qadry Sukmana, Hilda Susanti, Gusti Rusmayadi, Zairin Zairin, Indya Dewi, Abdul Halik Setiabudi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Combining Ability and Genetic Parameters of Maize Based on S4 Diallel-Derived Progenies
Maize is an important crop with strategic roles. The development of superior maize varieties requires genetically diverse parental lines with high combining ability. Advanced selfing generations, such as S4, provide increased homozygosity, allowing more reliable estimation of combining ability and genetic parameters for parental selection. This study aimed to evaluate general combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA), and genetic parameters using S4 progenies derived from a half-diallel mating design. The experiment was conducted from August to November 2025 at PT. Sukses Seed Sentosa, Malang Regency, East Java, Indonesia, using a randomized complete block design with two replications and involving 36 S4 cross combinations. The first two principal components of the GCA explained 82.36% of the total variation (PC1 = 63.26%; PC2 = 19.10%). P4 exhibited superior GCA for cob diameter and days to harvest, whereas P1 showed favorable GCA for multiple yield-related traits. SCA values showed that the first two principal components explained 84.54% of the total variation (PC1 = 74.46%; PC2 = 10.08%). P2 × P6 showed the highest SCA for multiple yield-related traits, while P2 × P4 was superior for days to silking and shelling percentage. High GCV was observed in AWC (25.26), SWC (25.62), and Y (23.79). High narrow-heritability was observed for DA (0.55), cob length (0.60), and NSPR (0.66). Most traits were predominantly controlled by additive gene action, whereas grain yield and number of seeds per cob were mainly governed by non-additive gene action.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anggada Bima Satya Wibowo, Darmawan Saptadi, Budi Waluyo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effects of Dormancy-Breaking Agents and Vernalization Temperatures on Dormancy Release and Sprouting of Shallot Bulbs
Post-harvest dormancy in shallot (Allium cepa L. var. aggregatum) seed bulbs delays sprouting and disrupts planting schedules. While gibberellic acid (GA₃), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and vernalization each break dormancy, their combined effects have not been evaluated. The study, conducted in October 2025 at the Hasanuddin University Teaching Farm in Indonesia, is the first to evaluate the factorial effects of GA₃ or H₂O₂ combined with vernalization on dormancy breaking. Lokana shallot bulbs underwent vernalization for 14 days at room temperature, 5°C, or 10°C, followed by treatment with either no agent, GA₃ (100 mg L⁻¹, 6 h), or H₂O₂ (20%, 2 h), using a 3 × 3 randomized complete block design (27 plots, 1.215 plants). Data analysed using ANOVA followed by HSD at the 5% level and Pearson’s correlation. Significant interactions (p < 0.05) between dormancy-breaking agents and vernalization were observed for most germination rate and sprouting time parameters. The combination of H₂O₂ treatment with 5°C vernalization produced the fastest sprouting, achieving the highest sprouting rate index (SSI = 6.91) and rate coefficient (CVG = 12.78), the shortest mean sprouting time (MSpT = 7.86 days), and the lowest time to 50% sprouting (T50 = 7.06 days), outperforming both the control (SSI = 2.82; MSpT = 16.90 days; T50 = 16.86 days) and GA₃ treatments. Sprouting synchrony and uniformity remained unaffected. The combined application of H₂O₂ and short-duration cold vernalization represents a practical and cost-effective approach to reducing dormancy and expediting planting readiness in shallot seed production.
Copyright (c) 2026 Masrinda Oktavia, Elkawakib Syam'un, Tigin Dariati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Salicylic Acid Improves Morpho-Physiological Traits and Biomass of Kale under Drought Stress
Drought stress in agricultural land disrupts the physiological processes, growth, and yield of kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala). This study evaluated the physiological responses, growth, and yield of kale treated with salicylic acid, a potential strategy to enhance plant tolerance to drought stress, in a greenhouse at the Department of Agriculture, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang. A 4 × 4 factorial experiment was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. The first factor was drought level (100%, 80%, 60%, and 40% field capacity). The second factor was salicylic acid (SA) concentration 0, 0.75, 1.5, and 2.25 mM). The results indicated that physiological responses (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, relative water content, and electrolyte leakage) remained largely stable under moderate drought stress (60% FC), whereas plant growth parameters (plant height, leaf number, and leaf area) were reduced by 14.5–20.7% compared with the control (100% FC). At 40% FC, both physiological and growth responses were more severely affected; electrolyte leakage increased markedly, and plant height, leaf area, and dry biomass weight decreased by 24.4%, 47.2%, and 60.5%, respectively, compared with the control (P < 0.05). The best treatment was the application of 1.5 mM salicylic acid, which increased the relative water content by 4.13% and decreased the electrolyte leakage by 34.70% compared to untreated plants (P < 0.05). This concentration was likely more effective due to optimal stomatal regulation, increased antioxidant enzyme activity, and maintained membrane integrity, indicating that 1.5 mM SA has potential as a biostimulant to improve kale water status and membrane stability. However, field validation across locations and seasons is needed before recommending it for dryland farming.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rosyida Rosyida, A. Dinana, Karno Karno, Muhaimin Ar Rasyid, Fajrin Pramana Putra, Nur Izzatul Maulidah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Maternal Lineage Structure and Chloroplast Diversity of South Sumatran Rice, Indonesia, Revealed by the trnH–psbA Intergenic Spacer
Despite the importance of comprehensive genetic characterization for the conservation and utilization of local rice germplasm in breeding programs, the maternal genetic diversity of South Sumatran local rice remains largely unexplored. In this study, we evaluated the genetic diversity, maternal lineage, and phylogenetic relationships of South Sumatran rice accessions using the chloroplast trnH–psbA intergenic spacer, a highly variable chloroplast marker widely used for assessing genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships in rice and other plant species. A total of 18 South Sumatran rice accessions, along with reference sequences, were analyzed through sequence alignment, haplotype network construction, genetic distance clustering, and phylogenetic tree reconstruction using the Neighbor-Joining (NJ) and UPGMA methods. The trnH–psbA region showed a uniform sequence length of 415 bp and low nucleotide diversity (π = 0.096%), resulting in the identification of three haplotypes. Phylogenetic and genetic distance analyses consistently identified two accessions, Bone 1 and Pegagan 2, as genetically distinct, highlighting their potential value as candidates for future conservation and breeding initiatives. These findings provide a molecular basis for the preservation and strategic utilization of South Sumatran rice germplasm and emphasize the importance of conserving genetically divergent local accessions. Future studies integrating chloroplast and nuclear markers will enable a more comprehensive assessment of genetic diversity for rice breeding and conservation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fikri Adriansyah Adriansyah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Comparative Antifungal Efficacy of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) and Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Extracts Against Postharvest Anthracnose of Papaya
Anthracnose is a major postharvest disease that reduces the quality and marketability of papaya fruits. This study evaluated and compared the antifungal activity of cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) leaf extract and turmeric (Curcuma longa) rhizome extract against Colletotrichum brevisporum under in vitro and in vivo conditions. The experiment was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of ten treatments with four replicates. Treatments included cinnamon and turmeric extracts at concentrations ranging from 0.25% to 1.00%, a propineb fungicide treatment, and an untreated control. Both extracts significantly inhibited mycelial growth, suppressed conidial germination, and reduced disease development compared with the untreated control (p < 0.05). Turmeric extract consistently exhibited greater antifungal activity than cinnamon extract. At a concentration of 1.00%, turmeric extract reduced colony diameter by 46.84%, decreased disease severity at 6 days after inoculation by 34.6%, and completely inhibited conidial germination compared with the untreated control. Its performance also approached that of propineb during the early stages of infection. However, this study evaluated crude extracts under controlled laboratory and postharvest conditions without phytochemical characterization or validation under commercial storage systems. These findings suggest that turmeric rhizome extract is a promising candidate for further development as an environmentally friendly component of integrated postharvest management of papaya anthracnose, although additional studies on phytochemical composition, formulation, and commercial-scale validation are required before practical application.
Copyright (c) 2026 Titik Nur Aeny, Hasriadi Mat Akin, Selvi Helina, Zakiatun Nafsiyah, Fauziyah Rizky Nurfadillah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Microencapsulated Piper colubrinum Volatiles as Sustainable Fruit Fly Attractants in Tropical Horticulture
Volatile compounds from tropical aromatic plants act as important semiochemical signals in agroecosystems, but their tendency to volatilize and oxidize limits their use as fruit fly attractants. This study developed a microencapsulation approach to stabilize Melada (Piper colubrinum) volatiles for practical field-level fruit fly attraction. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was employed, comprising four microencapsulation formulations with varying maltodextrin-gum arabic (MD-GA) ratios (2:10, 5:10, 10:10, and 12:10) and one petrogenol control, each replicated three times. Physicochemical properties and biological effectiveness were evaluated against fruit flies on chili pepper, guava, and papaya. Higher MD-GA ratios reduced surface oil content while improving encapsulation efficiency (EE), loading capacity (LC), and yield. Formulation F4 (12:10) performed best overall, with EE of 85.14%, LC of 1.39%, and yield of 82.38%, and was optimal for a wall structure giving strong volatile retention while sustaining adequate release for field attractiveness. Uniform microcapsule morphology confirmed good structural integrity, supporting sustained release under open field conditions. Field trials using 45 traps across three locations showed that encapsulated Melada volatiles effectively attracted Bactrocera umbrosa and Bactrocera melastomatos, remaining active up to 10 days longer than the petrogenol control, with F4 producing the highest catch across host plants and observation days. Attractiveness was highest on chili pepper, followed by guava and papaya, indicating synergy between host-plant volatiles and Melada's bioactive compounds. Overall, MD-GA microencapsulation enhances both the chemical stability and biological efficacy of Melada volatiles, showing strong potential as an eco-friendly attractant for sustainable fruit fly management in tropical horticulture.
Copyright (c) 2026 Cico Jhon Karunia Simamora, Eva Pramuni Oktaviani Sitanggang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Characterization of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Caused Fusarium Wilt in Donomulyo, Malang Regency, Indonesia
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) is a soil-borne fungal pathogen responsible for fusarium wilt, which constitutes one of the major constraints in banana cultivation. Information on the occurrence and molecular characteristics of Foc in Malang Regency, one of the banana-producing areas in East Java, Indonesia, remains limited, hindering effective disease surveillance and management. This study was conducted to isolate and characterize fungal isolates associated with fusarium wilt disease in banana plants using an integrated approach combining morphological characterization, pathogenicity testing, PCR amplification, ITS sequence analysis, and phylogenetic analysis. Three fungal isolates were recovered from symptomatic banana plants collected in Donomulyo, Malang Regency, and one representative isolate (DNM) was selected for molecular characterization based on its morphological similarity to the other isolates. Morphological observations revealed characteristics typical of Fusarium oxysporum. ITS sequence analysis showed 100% query coverage and 100% sequence identity with reference Foc sequences available in GenBank, while phylogenetic analysis clustered the DNM isolate with reference Foc isolates with 94% bootstrap support. Pathogenicity assays demonstrated that the isolate induced typical fusarium wilt symptoms, resulting in an LDI of 16.39% at 14 DAI and an RDI of 41.67% at 45 DAI. These findings provide baseline information on putative Foc isolates in Malang Regency, particularly in the Donomulyo area, and establish an integrated characterization framework to support disease surveillance, early detection, and the development of integrated management strategies for fusarium wilt in banana production systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Luqman Qurata Aini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Physicochemical and Agronomic Effects of Sago Waste-Derived Biochar and Compost on Seedling Survival Across Sago Accessions
Sago (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) is an important tropical starch-producing palm with substantial potential to support food security and climate-resilient agriculture in Indonesia. However, sago-processing activities generate large quantities of lignocellulosic residues that are commonly discarded without proper utilization, thereby contributing to environmental pollution and biomass waste accumulation. This study evaluated the physicochemical characteristics of sago waste-derived biochar and compost and assessed their effectiveness as planting media amendments for improving sago seedling establishment during acclimatization. Biochar was produced through slow pyrolysis of sago bark residues at 300–500°C, whereas compost was prepared from sago pulp through controlled microbial fermentation. Chemical composition was analyzed using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), while microstructural characteristics and elemental composition were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX). XRF analysis revealed that sago pulp compost contained high silica concentrations (40.50%), whereas sago pith was enriched with potassium (25.63%) and calcium (27.07%). SEM observations revealed highly porous biochar structures with dominant carbon content ranging from 89.35% to 94.42%, indicating favorable properties for water retention and nutrient adsorption. Agronomic evaluation showed that the application of 300 g biochar + 300 g pith + 300 g compost significantly increased seedling survival to 96.43% at 12 weeks after application compared with the untreated control (P ≤ 0.05). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to integrate the physicochemical characterization of sago-processing residues (biochar and compost) with an accession-based agronomic evaluation of seedling survival, thereby linking waste valorization to nursery performance in M. sagu. The findings demonstrate that sago-processing residues can be converted into effective organic amendments and provide a mechanistic, evidence-based basis for circular biomass utilization in tropical nursery systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Masluki Masluki, Mutmainnah Mutmainnah, Erni Firdamayanti, Sri Hastuty Saruman, Ulfa Zakiyah Hamdani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Floating Nurseries as an Agronomic Technology for Improving Rice Production in Lebak Swamplands: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach
Rice productivity in lowland rice fields is critical to feeding the national food estate and warrants researchers' attention. This paper investigates the impact of input provision, floating rice cultivation, local wisdom knowledge, and local wisdom strategy on the productivity of floating rice cultivation in lowland rice fields in Ogan Ilir, Indonesia. This study analyzes how institutional support and floating rice land typology influence input provision, floating rice cultivation, local wisdom knowledge, local wisdom strategy, and floating rice cultivation productivity. The researchers employed a survey questionnaire to gather primary data from selected participants. The researchers employed smart-PLS to examine the association between factors. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and field measurements were used to examine data from 250 farmers. The results of the research indicate that input provision, floating rice cultivation, local wisdom understanding, and local wisdom strategy all contribute to increased floating rice cultivation productivity. The findings show that institutional support has a substantial influence on the link between input provision, floating rice cultivation, local wisdom knowledge, local wisdom strategy, and floating rice cultivation productivity. This study advises policymakers on local and national policies to increase floating rice cultivation productivity by implementing efficient input provision, effective floating rice cultivation, local wisdom knowledge, and the use of long-term local wisdom strategies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Eka Mulyana Mulyana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Optimization of Plant Growth Regulators for Tobacco Anther Culture Regeneration
Tobacco is one of the most important plantation crops and is used as raw material by the cigarette industry. Improvements in the quantity and quality of tobacco crops are needed, one of which can be achieved by using superior hybrid varieties. However, the production of hybrid varieties requires pure-line plants, which are generally produced through conventional methods that take approximately 7–8 generations. Anther culture has emerged as an alternative method to accelerate the production of pure-line plants within 1–2 generations by using haploid plants. Although several studies have investigated the effects of auxins and cytokinins on anther culture in Solanaceae species, the optimal combination of 2,4-D and Kinetin for tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) anther culture regeneration remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to optimize the combination of these plant growth regulators to improve regeneration efficiency in tobacco anther culture. The success of anther culture can be enhanced by using Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) such as 2,4-D and Kinetin. This study aimed to determine the optimal concentration of 2,4-D and Kinetin for regenerating tobacco anther culture explants. The experiment was designed using a completely randomised design (CRD) with two factors: 2,4-D (0, 0,1, 1, and 2 mg/L) and Kinetin (0, 0,1, 0,2, and 0,4 mg/L). The interaction between 2,4-D and Kinetin significantly affected swelling initiation, callus initiation, and callus formation (P < 0.05). The D1K3 treatment (0.1 mg L⁻¹ 2,4-D + 0.4 mg L⁻¹ Kinetin) produced the fastest swelling initiation (3.67 DAI) and callus initiation (28.33 DAI), whereas D3K3 produced the highest callus formation (73.33%). Kinetin at 0.4 mg L⁻¹ significantly accelerated shoot (98 DAI) and root initiation (105 DAI). These findings demonstrate that optimizing the balance between auxin and cytokinin is essential for improving tobacco anther culture regeneration and provide useful information for doubled haploid production. However, a single application of Kinetin produced optimal effects on explant regeneration, resulting in the emergence of shoots and roots.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammad Nur Khozin, Imam Aditya Agung Mulyono, Didik Pudji Restanto, Aran Patarapuwadol, Iryono Iryono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Evaluation of Seven Super-Hot Chili Pepper Genotypes (Capsicum chinense) for Developing High-Yielding and High-Quality Superior Varieties
This study evaluated seven promising super-hot chili genotypes (F1.383388, F1.382383, F1.383385, F5.382383-5-12-3, F4.382385-5-2, F4.382385-4-1, F6.382384-4-1-8-1) compared with four commercial varieties (Carolina Reaper, Katokkon, Red Bhut Jolokia, Mhanu) to identify candidates for developing high-yielding and high-quality superior varieties. A randomized block design with three replications was used at Bedugul, Bali (1200 m asl) from November 2024 to January 2026. Observations included qualitative and quantitative yield and quality traits. Results showed that genotype significantly affected all variables. Genotype F5.382383-5-12-3 exhibited the highest fruit weight per plant (1,268.00 g plant⁻¹) and number of fruits per plant (151.11 fruit plant⁻¹) with early harvest (112.00 dap), making it the best for productivity. Genotype F1.383385 showed superior quality traits, including the highest fruit length (7.07 cm), diameter (33.96 mm), placenta length (6.50 cm), and weight per fruit (13.84 g). Both genotypes are recommended for further multi-location trials as candidates for superior variety release. Correlation analysis revealed positive associations between fruit weight per plant and several fruit quality traits, indicating that higher-yielding genotypes also exhibited superior fruit quality. These findings provide a basis for selecting promising Capsicum chinense genotypes in breeding programs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ni Putu Ayu Arini, I Nyoman Rai, Ni Nyoman Ari Mayadewi, Muhamad Syukur, Arya Yuda Pangestu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Nutritional, Physicochemical, and Microbiological Quality of Soy Yoghurt Fortified with Fresh Moringa oleifera Leaf Aqueous Extract During Refrigerated Storage
Growing interest in plant-based fermented foods has encouraged the development and evaluation of non-dairy yoghurt formulations. This study evaluated the effects of formulation and refrigerated storage time on the nutritional, physicochemical, and microbiological characteristics of soy yoghurt containing fresh Moringa oleifera leaf aqueous extract. Four formulations containing different combinations of moringa, garlic, and lime extracts were prepared in three independent production batches. Samples were stored at 4 ± 1 °C and analyzed on Days 7 and 14 for proximate composition, calculated energy value, pH, titratable acidity, aerobic plate count (APC), and lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Two-way analysis of variance showed significant formulation, storage time, and/or interaction effects on most measured variables, while titratable acidity was primarily affected by storage time. Formula B had the highest crude protein, fat, and calculated energy values at both sampling times, whereas Formula C had the highest carbohydrate content. Formula D showed the lowest APC on Day 7 and the highest LAB population at both sampling times, reaching 6.79 log₁₀ CFU/mL on Day 14. LAB populations remained above 6 log₁₀ CFU/mL in all formulations at both sampling times. These findings indicate that formulation composition influenced the measured characteristics of soy yoghurt between Days 7 and 14, although the independent contribution of fresh Moringa oleifera leaf aqueous extract could not be separated from those of garlic and lime.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ita Fatkhur Romadhoni, Lilis Sulandari, Niken Purwidiani, Dwi Iriyani, Rita Ismawati, Kristian Triatmaja Raharja https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Optimizing Land-Use Scenarios for Water-Resource Sustainability in the Upper Kampar Watershed, Indonesia
Soil erosion in the Upper Kampar Watershed threatens reservoir storage and downstream water reliability. This study compared four land-use scenarios using the Universal Soil Loss Equation and the Soil Conservation Service Curve Number method across 100 land units. Existing land use produced 142.70 t.ha−1.yr−1 of soil loss, well above the tolerable value of 39.62 t.ha−1.yr−1. Meeting the minimum forest-cover rule lowered erosion by 31.95% but did not reach the threshold. Strip cropping reduced erosion to 32.90 t.ha−1.yr−1, whereas rehabilitation of mapped protected areas yielded 36.15 t.ha−1.yr−1 and the lowest Qmax/Qmin ratio (28.38). Discharge records supported directional checking, but independent event-scale validation was unavailable. The results support protected-area rehabilitation as a zoning framework, combined with soil-conservation practices on cultivated slopes and field monitoring of sediment and river flow.
Copyright (c) 2026 Firman Hidayat, Agung Primatara Marwan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Enhancing Compost Quality through Black Soldier Fly Larvae Bioconversion of Young Coconut Coir and Low-Carbon Organic Wastes
Young coconut coir is an abundant high-carbon residue in Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia, but its direct use as an organic amendment is limited by its fibrous structure and high C/N ratio. This study aimed to evaluate whether mixing young coconut coir with several low-carbon residues could improve the quality of frass produced by black soldier fly larvae. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with seven substrate treatments and three replications. The treatments consisted of young coconut coir alone and its mixtures with cauliflower leaf waste, pineapple skin waste, chicken manure, quail manure, goat manure, and cow manure. After 14 days of larval treatment, the frass was analyzed for moisture content, pH, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, C/N ratio, total phosphorus, and total potassium. The substrate mixtures significantly affected moisture content, pH, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, C/N ratio, and total potassium (P<0.01), but did not significantly affect temperature and total phosphorus. The mixture with quail manure produced the most favorable frass, characterized by low moisture content (30.84%), the highest total nitrogen (4.15%), the lowest C/N ratio (12.22), and the highest total potassium (4.59%). It also increased total nitrogen by 116.52% and total potassium by 51.38% compared with the initial substrate. These findings demonstrate that combining young coconut coir with nutrient-rich animal manure, particularly quail manure, is an effective strategy for producing nutrient-enriched BSFL frass suitable for use as an organic amendment.
Copyright (c) 2026 dini mufriah, Tengku Sabrina, Lisdayani - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Market Integration and Price Transmission of Robusta Coffee in North Sumatra Province with the World Market
Previous coffee-market studies have linked domestic and international prices, but they have rarely examined long-run integration, short-run asymmetry, shock decomposition, predictive causality, and threshold adjustment in one empirical sequence for the North Sumatran robusta supply chain. This study addresses that gap by analysing farm-level or production-area prices (PFC), North Sumatra exporter-level prices (PEC), and world prices represented by London Robusta Futures (PWC) using 120 monthly observations from January 2016 to December 2025. The analysis applied unit-root testing, Johansen cointegration, VECM, FEVD, Granger causality, AECM, Wald tests, and Hansen-Seo threshold testing. All series were I(1), and the Johansen test identified two cointegrating equations, confirming long-run integration among farm, exporter, and world prices. VECM adjustment was significant for PFC (ECT = -0.426806; t = -5.07885) and PEC (ECT = -0.298370; t = -4.44265), while PWC behaved as the reference market. At the 10-month horizon, PWC shocks explained 51.15% of PFC variation and 40.50% of PEC variation, while PWC remained dominated by its own shocks (84.22%). Supporting four-market IRF evidence showed that the largest own-price responses occurred in the first period, were followed by sign reversals, and in several equations remained visible at period 10, indicating gradual rather than instantaneous stabilization. Granger causality was bidirectional between PFC and PEC and unidirectional from PWC to PEC. Short-run asymmetry was found mainly in the PFC-PEC relationship, whereas long-run asymmetry and threshold cointegration were not supported. These findings contribute to agricultural market-integration literature by showing that benchmark prices transmit risk to domestic actors through linear long-run adjustment and temporary short-run frictions. Policy should strengthen transparent price information, quality-based pricing, and farmer bargaining institutions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wahyunita Sitinjak, Zulkarnain Lubis, Muhammad Buhari Sibuea, Jef Rudiantho Saragih, Muhammad Reza Aulia, Utari Azrani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Improving Sustainable Agriculture Adoption Among Smallholder Coffee Farmers in Indonesia: Does Entrepreneurial Orientation Play a Role?
The adoption of sustainable agriculture practices is essential for enhancing the environmental sustainability and long-term productivity of smallholder coffee farming systems. While previous studies have mainly focused on technical and institutional factors, the role of farmers' entrepreneurial orientation has received relatively little attention. This study examines how different dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation influence the adoption of sustainable agriculture practices among smallholder coffee farmers in Aceh Tengah, Indonesia. Data were collected from 156 coffee-farming households using a multi-stage random sampling approach. Sustainable agriculture adoption was measured as the total number of practices adopted, and the relationship was estimated using a Poisson regression model, with an ordered probit model employed as a robustness check. The results show that innovativeness (β = 0.275, *p* < 0.05) and proactiveness (β = 0.271, *p* < 0.05) are positively associated with the adoption of sustainable agriculture practices, whereas competitive aggressiveness (β = −0.205, *p* < 0.01) has a negative effect. In contrast, risk-taking and autonomy are not statistically significant. The robustness analysis using the ordered probit model produces consistent results, confirming the reliability of the main findings. These results suggest that encouraging farmers to be more innovative and proactive may be just as important as providing technical support. At the same time, stronger market incentives are needed to align competitiveness with sustainability goals better. The study also contributes to the entrepreneurial orientation literature by showing that its individual dimensions influence sustainable agriculture adoption in different ways, rather than having a uniform effect.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ratna Kusuma Sari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Carbon Storage and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Corporate Social Responsibility-Based Sustainability Projects in Semarang Regency, Indonesia
This study evaluates the environmental impacts of four Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)-based sustainability projects implemented by a private company producing traditional herbal products in Bergas Kidul Village, Central Java, Indonesia. These CSR projects were intended to mitigate climate change by sequestering carbon in relatively solid forms, thus reducing the emission of greenhouse gases. Reduction of carbon emissions was the main goal to be fulfilled in order to prove that the CSR projects were in line with the corporate commitment to sustainability. The implemented projects included avocado tree plantations, communal cattle farming, organic fertilizer application, and the reuse of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) drums. This research aimed to assess and estimate the carbon balance of these four practices based on the potential greenhouse gases stored and emitted by each practice. Supporting data were collected through surveys, interviews, and literature studies. Data were then analyzed using the 2006 and 2019 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, specifically using the Tier 1 method. The Tier 1 approach employs the basic method and the default emission factors provided in the IPCC Guidelines (Workbook and Reference Manual). Based on this analysis, avocado plantations were estimated to sequester 79.850 ton per year of CO2 eq but cattle farming generated 19.91 ton per year of CO2 eq. The use of organic fertilizer in paddy fields was estimated to emit around 0.0005 kg of N2O per hectare (0.1325 kg of CO2 eq per hectare), and this seemed to be drastically reduced compared to the application of chemical fertilizers. Applying liquid organic fertilizer was estimated to reduce approximately 74.518 kg of CO2 eq per hectare. Meanwhile, reusing 46 HDPE drums as planting medium for the household food security project in the studied area, instead of burning them, was predicted to store approximately 1.583 tons of CO2 eq in the solid form. While we couldn’t conclude a single net carbon balance resulted from these projects due to methodological limitations, these results could depict the potential and risks of environmental impacts of the claimed sustainability interventions for a longer period.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dina Banjarnahor https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Morphological Diversity and Virulence of Colletotrichum spp. Causing Anthracnose in Chilli Pepper in Coastal Purworejo, Indonesia
Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum spp., is one of the most destructive diseases affecting chilli peppers and can result in significant yield losses, particularly in coastal agroecosystems where climatic factors favor the development and spread of this pathogen. This study examined the diversity and virulence of Colletotrichum populations in the coastal region of Purworejo Regency, Central Java, by investigating the severity of anthracnose as well as the morphological diversity and virulence of Colletotrichum spp. in the coastal region of Purworejo Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. Disease surveys were conducted in chilli-producing areas located in three subdistricts along the coast, followed by the isolation and morphological characterization of the pathogen, as well as an evaluation of its pathogenicity against healthy chilli fruits under laboratory conditions, using a purposive sampling design and a completely randomized design for laboratory testing. The results showed that anthracnose was widespread across all locations, with disease severity ranging from low (1%) in Grabag and Purwodadi subdistricts at Location 1 to very high (75%) in Purwodadi subdistrict at Location 2. Nineteen Colletotrichum isolates were isolated from fruit exhibiting symptoms. They showed significant variation in colony morphology—white, black, gray, and orange on the reverse side of Petri dishes—with textures ranging from cottony to sparse; conidia were oval, fusiform, and crescent-shaped; and conidiomata production was observed in some isolates. Pathogenicity tests showed that all isolates except two exhibited varying levels of virulence, ranging from moderate to high, with the highest virulence of 73.09% observed in the isolate from Purwodadi Subdistrict.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nur Kholida Wulansari, Nur Prihatiningsih, Heru Adi Djatmiko, Endang Mugiastuti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0