Journal title Agro Bali : Agricultural Journal Initials AB Abbreviation Agro. Bali. Agric. J. Frequency 3 issues per year | March, July, and November DOI Prefix 10.37637 E-ISSN 2655-853X (online) Editor-in-chief Jhon Hardy Purba Publisher Faculty of Agriculture, Panji Sakti University Partnered with ReviewerCredits and reviews@webofscience.com Indexed by Scopus, Sinta-2, Dimensions, Citefactor, Garuda, Crossref, PKP Index, WorldCat, BASE, Google Scholar, OneSearch, Neliti, Moraref, etc. Agro Bali : Agricultural Journal is an open-access and peer-reviewed scientific journal that contains research articles, theoretical studies, and scientific papers on agriculture, including agrotechnology and agribusiness, published in March, July, and November. The journal was submitted to Scopus on April 2, 2025, and after a thorough evaluation, was officially accepted for inclusion in Scopus on September 15, 2025, becoming available on scopus.com on November 1, 2025. The journal has been accredited by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia with a decree number 204/E/KPT/2022, ranked in Science and Technology Index 2 (Sinta-2). Since volume 7 number 3, 2024 this journal has published full-text articles in English only, after publishing full-text articles in Indonesian and/or English in previous issues.
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Optimisation of Biobriquette Production Enriched with Burning Lighter Materials
. The increasing trend of fossil fuel consumption is inversely proportional to the available natural gas reserves. Renewable energy sources derived from biomass are needed to become alternative fuels, such as biobriquettes. This study aims to optimize biobriquette production by adding burning initiator materials to obtain the best composition that meets the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) and exhibits good ignition characteristics. The experimental design was based on the Taguchi method with an L9 (34) orthogonal array, and the results were statistically analyzed using Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) to evaluate multiple responses. Although the highest Grey Relational Grade (GRG) indicated the theoretical optimum, the confirmation test revealed a slightly different composition with better burning performance. The optimal composition consisted of 3 g of OPEFB (A1), 16 g of PKS (B2), 40% pine sap (C3), and 20% sulfur (D3), producing a moisture content of 1.148%, ash content of 10.75%, volatile matter content of 12.36%, calorific value of 7,223.5 cal‧g-1, initial ignition time of 1.83 s, and burning rate of 0.237 mg‧min-1. These results indicate that the produced biobriquettes meet SNI standards for moisture, volatile matter, calorific value, and have good burning ease.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jaenal Ferdiansyah Nugraha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Integrating Supply Chain Management into Food Estate Models for Enhanced Food Security
This study analyzes the integration of supply chain management (SCM) within a food estate model on lowland swamp agroecosystems to strengthen national food security. A descriptive–analytical survey was conducted for eight months involving 60 farmers from three farmer groups in Muara Belida, South Sumatra. Performance was assessed using the SCOR v13.0 framework, value-added analysis (Hayami method), KPI weighting (ANP), and performance measurement (OMAX with Traffic Light System). Results show an overall SCM performance index of 7.892 (yellow category), with “Deliver” (8.280), “Make” (8.258), and “Return” (8.025) performing relatively well, while “Plan” (7.520) and “Source” (7.758) remain moderate. Policy and managerial implications highlight the need for farmer training, adoption of climate-resilient crop varieties, demand forecasting systems, and formal contractual partnerships to stabilize supply and reduce transaction costs. Findings further reveal that SCM integration enhances value addition at the farmer level and mitigates systemic risks, thereby contributing to food security by reducing logistics costs and building supply chain resilience. This research provides empirical evidence that incorporating SCM into food estate development constitutes a critical strategy for sustainable agro-industrial cluster management in lowland swamps and for achieving national food security.
Copyright (c) 2025 Agustina Sastraradjasa Bidarti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Competitiveness Analysis and Factors Affecting Indonesian Rubber Exports in BRICS Plus Countries
By leveraging its potential as a new member of BRICS, Indonesia can enhance its international trade through increased economic and trade cooperation within the group. BRICS integration can help improve Indonesia's trade balance and reduce its dependence on traditional markets, as it provides Indonesia with access to new markets and opportunities to diversify its export partners. This is the first study to analyze Indonesian rubber competitiveness and key determinants specifically across BRICS-Plus countries following official 2025 accession, providing one of the first empirical assessments in the context of Indonesia’s prospective 2025 BRICS accession. Using Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and multiple linear regression methods with annual data from 2001 to 2023, the study evaluates both comparative advantage and the factors influencing export performance. The independent variables include the GDP of BRICS countries, Indonesia’s GDP, world rubber prices, exchange rate, inflation rate, population, and export restriction policy. The RCA results show that Indonesia holds a comparative advantage in most BRICS markets; however, competitiveness remains relatively weak in India and China, the two largest importers of Indonesian rubber. Regression analysis indicates that three variables significantly and positively affect Indonesia’s rubber export value, namely the GDP of BRICS nations, international rubber prices, and the rupiah exchange rate. These findings imply that macroeconomic coordination, diversification of export destinations, and stabilization of the exchange rate are crucial to enhancing Indonesia’s trade performance within BRICS. Strengthening competitiveness in key markets will be essential for Indonesia to optimize its economic gains and reinforce its position in the global rubber trade following full integration into the BRICS framework.
Copyright (c) 2025 Farrel Rizqi Sambhoro, Budi Setiawan, Rachman Hartono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Effects of Supply and Commodity Substitution on Chili Price Volatility at Kramat Jati Wholesale Market, Jakarta, Indonesia
Chili commodity production has been rising and falling over the years. In contrast, prices for chili experience extreme variability. A price fluctuation of more than 40% indicates that something is wrong with supply management. Chili price volatility poses significant challenges for food security and inflation control in Indonesia. This study investigates the factors influencing cayenne pepper prices using daily data from January 2023 to September 2024 at the Kramat Jati Wholesale Market. An Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model was applied to estimate the dynamic relationship between prices and supplies of cayenne and curly red chili. The results indicate that previous prices, substitution effects with curly red chili, and supply shocks have a significant influence on cayenne pepper prices. These findings underscore the importance of real-time supply monitoring, market integration, and strategic distribution planning in mitigating price spikes. The study offers empirical evidence to support more responsive government interventions in stabilizing chili prices and reducing inflationary pressure in perishable food markets.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rendra Wasita https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Sweet Corn Growth and Yield Response through Potassium under Drought Stress
Sweet corn is recognized as one of the plants with relatively high economic value and potential for expansion, increasing from 8.31 to 18 million tons. Arranging planting distance and applying potassium when conditions are stressed by drought can be one of the efforts to modify the environment for plant growth. This study employed a split-plot design repeated three times, consisting of a main plot and three levels of sub-plots. The main plot is J1 = 75 x 20 cm, J2 = 50 x 30 cm, and J3 = 60 x 25 cm. While the sub-plots are K1 = 100 kg.ha-1, K2 = 200 kg.ha-1, dan K3 = 300 kg.ha-1. The results obtained show that the arrangement of closer planting distances between rows 60 x 25 cm with increasing doses of Potassium 200 kg.ha-1 results in an interaction with increased growth and optimal sweet corn yields. The microclimate conditions of sweet corn, including soil moisture, were influenced by spacing and potassium dosage. The relationship between plant distance and potassium dosage to soil moisture is directly proportional or linear. Plant distance of 60 x 25 cm with increasing potassium dose, such as at a potassium dose of 300 kg.ha-1 produces the most moist soil moisture under drought stress conditions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Angela Griya Adinda Rosa, Cicik Udayana, Didik Hariyono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Enhancing Vanilla Planifolia Generative Phase via IoT-Based Microclimate Control
Vanilla (Vanilla planifolia) is one of the agricultural commodities with high economic value, but its cultivation faces various challenges, including climate change and suboptimal environmental management. Conventional microclimate control methods are primarily manual and reactive, often failing to maintain stable conditions during the critical phase of generation. Technological innovations, especially IoT-based microclimate controllers, enable real-time monitoring and automated regulation of temperature, humidity, and light, thereby reducing environmental fluctuations that negatively affect flowering and yield. This research aims to develop and apply an IoT-based microclimate controller that optimizes growth conditions during the generative phase of vanilla, and to evaluate its impact on growth and crop yields. The study was conducted over a 3-month generative period, using 30 vanilla plants per group (n = 60 in total), with three replications. Data were collected weekly and analyzed using descriptive statistics and t-tests to compare growth and yield performance. The results show that IoT-based microclimate controllers significantly improved optimal temperature and humidity stability, increasing plant growth and crop yields. The average stem length and number of flowers per plant increased by 30% and 25%, respectively, compared to the control group, while vanillin content rose from 1.8% to 2.5%. These findings offer new insights into sustainable vanilla cultivation management, which can be adopted by farmers to enhance productivity and quality. Recommendations for further research include developing more advanced systems, conducting cost-benefit analyses, and applying these technologies in different climatic conditions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rudi Wardana, Andarula Galushasti, Irma Wardati, Taufik Hidayat, Uyun Erma Malika, Dwi Djoko Suranto, Taufiq Rizaldi, Shabrina Choirunnisa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Indications of Factors Determining Corn Farmers' Behavior in Miomaffo Barat District, North Central Timor Regency, Indonesia
Corn farmers on the RI–RDTL border frequently face limited resources in developing their agricultural potential, despite continuous government efforts to provide support and facilitation. Addressing this issue requires an understanding of both internal and external factors related to farmers, innovative characteristics, the role of information media, and the involvement of extension workers. This study aims to examine the determinants influencing maize farmers’ practices in West Miomaffo District, North Central Timor Regency. Data were collected through a survey of 161 corn growers and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling with Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS). The analysis revealed that communication efficacy and farmer-related external factors significantly influence behavioral changes, with critical ratio values exceeding the threshold (CR > 1.96). Conversely, internal farmer factors, innovation characteristics, and the role of extension workers did not have a significant effect on practice changes. These findings highlight that strengthening external support systems and improving communication strategies are more decisive for behavioral transformation among maize farmers in the border area than internal or innovation-driven factors.
Copyright (c) 2025 marsianus falo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Identification of Bacterial Soft Rot in Potatoes From Batu City, Indonesia
Soft rot is a plant disease that can reduce both the quality and quantity of potato production, primarily caused by the Pectobacterium carotovorum. This study aims to isolate and identify the bacteria responsible for soft rot disease in potato tubers using molecular methods. Bacterial isolation was performed on a diseased potato tuber collected from Sumber Brantas Village, followed by a pathogenicity test, PCR, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis. Based on macroscopic and microscopic examination, four isolates exhibiting soft rot symptoms were identified: P1, P2, K5, and K7. The 16S rRNA sequencing results and BLAST analysis showed that isolate K5 was closely related to Serratia rubidaea, isolate P2 was closely associated with Pectobacterium carotovorum, isolate P1 was closely related to Pseudomonas koreensis, and isolate K7 was closely associated with Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum. This study presents the first molecular characterization of bacteria responsible for soft rot in potato tubers originating from Batu City, East Java. The findings provide foundational insights that may support the development of molecular-based diagnostic tools and region-specific disease management strategies for potato cultivation in Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sonia Berliana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effectiveness of Local Indigenous Rhizobacterial Isolates in Enhancing Resistance of Shallot (Allium cepa L.) to Fusarium oxysporum
Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum remains a major limitation in shallot (Allium cepa L.) cultivation, severely reducing yield and crop quality. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of native rhizobacterial isolates as biological inducers of resistance against Fusarium wilt under different organic growing media. A split-plot randomized complete block design was applied using three growing media (rice husk charcoal, manure, and their combination) and four rhizobacterial treatments (control and three local isolates: R1–R3) with three replications. Key physiological assays included the measurement of salicylic acid (SA) content and peroxidase (POX) enzyme activity as biochemical indicators of induced resistance. Results showed that the isolate from Waitii Village (R3) significantly reduced disease incidence to 52.67% compared with 86.56% in the control, while the combined organic medium (M2) further enhanced plant resistance. Increased SA (26.82 ppm) and POX activity exhibited strong negative correlations with disease incidence (R² = 0.60 and R² = 0.71, respectively), indicating their pivotal role in rhizobacteria-mediated defense activation. These findings confirm that indigenous rhizobacteria, when combined with organic amendments, effectively stimulate systemic acquired resistance and mitigate the severity of Fusarium wilt in shallots. The study highlights the potential of the R3 isolate as a sustainable bioinoculant candidate for integrated disease management. Further molecular identification, in vitro antagonism testing, and multi-location field validation are recommended to ensure its stability, efficacy, and applicability under diverse agroecological conditions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Musadia Afa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Role of the Millennial Generation in Developing Urban Farming as a Food Security Solution for Times of Crisis in Indonesia
This research analyses the role of millennials in the development of urban farming in Malang Regency, representing an area with high urban farming potential in Indonesia. Using a quantitative approach through an explanatory survey design, the study involved 210 millennial farmer respondents (aged 25-40) from 33 sub-districts in Malang Regency. Data was collected through a structured questionnaire with a 5-point Likert scale and analysed using PLS-SEM with WarpPLS 8.0. The model tests the relationship between five exogenous variables: Digital Technology Competency (X1), Entrepreneurial Ability (X2), Technical Knowledge (X3), Sustainability Awareness (X4), and Ecosystem Support (X5), and Local Food Resilience (Y), with Innovation Adoption (M) as a mediator. The main findings show the model is excellent (R² = 0.937) with all hypotheses significantly confirmed. Entrepreneurial ability has the strongest influence (β=0.42, p<0.05), followed by Digital Technology Competence and Ecosystem Support (β=0.36), Sustainability Awareness (β=0.31), and Technical Knowledge (β=0.25). Innovation adoption is proven to be an effective mediator, especially through Ecosystem Support (β=0.65, p<0.01). The research identified two innovative models: the NFT Vertical Hydroponic System and the IoT-based Smart Greenhouse Integrated Farming, which achieved 90% water efficiency and produced premium products. The significance of the research lies in its theoretical contribution regarding the role of millennials in food security and its practical implications for the development of national agricultural policy. The findings can be replicated in other urban areas of Indonesia with similar demographic and geographic characteristics, providing a blueprint for sustainable urban farming development to strengthen national food security.
Copyright (c) 2025 Eri Yusnita Arvianti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Analysis of Agricultural Land Area Decrease on Income Inequality in East Java, Indonesia
Income inequality remains a significant issue in developing nations, including East Java, which was ranked fifth among regions in Indonesia for having the highest level of inequality in 2023. This inequality is often associated with structural changes, especially the decrease of agricultural land to accommodate industrial development. This study aims to determine the most suitable spatial model, analyze the relationship between agricultural land reduction and income inequality in East Java, and explore the effects of other factors such as Agricultural Sector GDP, HDI, labor force, and real per capita expenditure on income inequality. The research uses secondary data, including panel data from 38 regencies/cities in East Java from 2009 to 2018. The results indicate spatial dependency among the independent variables, making the Spatial Autoregressive Model (SAR) the most appropriate method for analysis. These findings suggest that a significant decrease in agricultural land area tends to exacerbate income inequality even further. Therefore, this study has important policy implications, including the need for the government to uphold laws related to the protection of sustainable agricultural land and to provide skills training that is relevant to the needs of modern sectors. The results also show that an increase in the agricultural sector's GDP and labor force can boost productivity, output, and income, thereby potentially reducing income inequality. Whereas a rise in HDI and per capita expenditure tends to increase income inequality due to unequal access to development benefits and the consumption patterns of high-income groups, which further widen the gap.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hana Shifwatun Aqiilah, Sujarwo Sujarwo, Hery Toiba https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Competitiveness of Indonesian Essential Oil Exports in the Chinese Market and Rival Countries
Indonesia is one of the world’s largest producers of essential oils; however, its export competitiveness in the Chinese market has fluctuated over time. This study aims to analyze the level and dynamics of Indonesia’s essential oil export competitiveness compared to other major exporting countries in the Chinese market. The research uses secondary time-series data from 2011 to 2023 obtained from Trade Map. Competitiveness is assessed using the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and Dynamic Revealed Comparative Advantage (DRCA) methods. The findings reveal that Indonesia generally demonstrates strong competitiveness, except in 2011 when it was weak and in 2022 when it was moderate. Based on DRCA, Indonesia was classified as a “rising star” in 2011–2013 and 2017–2019, a “falling star” in 2013–2015, a “lost opportunity” in 2019–2021, and experienced a decline to the “lagging retreat” position in 2015–2017 and 2021–2023. These fluctuations are influenced by unstable production, limited product innovation, and quality standards that do not fully align with market requirements. To strengthen its competitiveness, Indonesia must enhance product quality, adopt technological innovations, and foster collaboration among stakeholders.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nina Rahmida Dalimunthe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Understanding the Key Determinants of Farmer Loyalty in Sugarcane Farming: Insights from Indonesia
Granulated sugar is a vital ingredient in Indonesia, widely used as a sweetener in various food and beverage applications. To meet increasing domestic demand, the government has targeted sugar self-sufficiency by 2025. The Indonesian Long-Term Development Plan 2020–2024 outlines efforts to enhance sugarcane productivity. This study aims to identify the factors influencing farmer loyalty in sugarcane cultivation in Indonesia. A quantitative approach was employed to examine the relationships between government policy, sugar company policy, farmer behavior, and cooperative member participation (independent variables) and farmer loyalty (dependent variable). The data were analyzed using SmartPLS version 4. The results indicate that government policy and cooperative member participation do not significantly affect farmer loyalty, while farmer behavior and sugar company policy have a significant positive influence. Notably, the policies of sugar companies play a pivotal role in shaping farmers’ commitment to sugarcane cultivation. These findings suggest that strengthening farmer behavior and enhancing company-level policies can improve loyalty. Furthermore, the results imply that government efforts toward sugar self-sufficiency should not only focus on policy formulation but also ensure alignment with farmers' practical needs and support systems. Integrating sugar company strategies with national agricultural policies could enhance the effectiveness of government programs and accelerate the achievement of self-sufficiency targets.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nugrahini Susantinah Wisnujati, Hendy Arsyad Rahindra, Suwandi S. Sangadji, Paiman Paiman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
University Students’ Decision-Making Model in Consuming Alternative-Protein Meatballs: A Gender Perspective
Healthy and sustainable diets play a crucial role in addressing global challenges, including climate change, food security, and public health. This study focuses on plant-based meatballs, analyzing their appeal as an environmentally friendly, resource-efficient, and healthy alternative protein source. Conducted among undergraduate students at Brawijaya University, the study examines the impact of innovation adoption characteristics on consumption intentions, with environmental concerns serving as a moderating factor. Utilizing an online survey distributed to 385 respondents, data were collected over two weeks in October 2024. Results reveal that plant-based meatballs received the highest average scores in compatibility (Attractiveness: 3.94, Safety: 3.81) and relative advantages (Environmentally Friendly: 3.84, Food Security: 3.28), as well as in consumption intention for Health Interest (3.88). Statistical analyses confirmed strong convergent validity, reliability, and predictive performance, with meatballs showing significant influence on consumption intention (f² = 0.839). This research highlights the strategic role of students as agents of change in promoting sustainable diets, providing actionable insights for developing marketing strategies and policies to support the adoption of plant-based alternatives. Emphasizing the environmental and health benefits of plant-based meatballs could drive their wider adoption and contribute to a more sustainable food system in Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anindita Putri Puspita Anggraeni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Implementation of the Tri Hita Karana Philosophy as a Local Regulatory Mechanism for Sustaining Subak Anggabaya, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
Land conversion remains a major threat, often driven by development and investor disregard for customary laws. Subak Anggabaya, however, enforces officially recognized awig-awig, and is being developed by the Denpasar City Government under the Subak Lestari program to protect agricultural land. While the principles of THK continue to hold firm, the subak system is increasingly pressured by modernization, environmental degradation, and the transformation of rice fields into tourism developments. The concept of Tri Hita Karana comes from three words: Tri (Three), Hita (Happiness), and Karana (Cause). The formulation of the problem in this research is how is the implementation of the Tri Hita Karana philosophy in the awig-awig in Subak Anggabaya. The types of data used in this study is qualitative data. The data collection methods used in this study are as follows: 1). Interviews; and 2) Literature study. The research population consisted of the Pekaseh Gede and three Subak administrators. The method used in this study is qualitative descriptive analysis, a type of qualitative research. The result of this research is the implementation of three aspects of the concept of Tri Hita Karana in Subak Anggabaya, namely: 1) Parhyangan, in the Subak Anggabaya area, the application of the aspect is ceremonial activities carried out from the beginning of agricultural activities to harvest; 2) Pawongan, Subak is an organization where there is often interaction between fellow subak people; 3) Palemahan is an important aspect, especially in maintaining the continuity of nature.
Copyright (c) 2025 Putu Udayani Wijayanti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effect of E-WOM and Religiosity on “X” Company’s Customer Satisfaction
While the company is anonymized as “X Company” in the title, the empirical context of this study focuses on Starbucks Indonesia, where the rise of social media has amplified the impact of boycott movements through electronic word of mouth (e-WOM). This study examines the influence of anti-genocide digital campaign on consumer satisfaction in Malang City by analyzing: (1) the directly effect of e-WOM, religiosity, boycott, and brand image on boycott, brand image, and customer satisfaction (2) the influence of e-WOM and religiosity on customer satisfaction through brand image, and (3) the influence of e-WOM and religiosity on customer satisfaction through boycotts and brand image. The research employed a quantitative method using a Likert-based questionnaire, involving 64 respondents. Data analysis was conducted using SEM-PLS with SmartPLS 4.0 software. The results indicate that brand image has a positive and significant effect on consumer satisfaction, while e-WOM and religiosity have a significant positive effect on boycotts. However, e-WOM and boycotts have a significant negative impact on consumer satisfaction, while e-WOM has a positive effect on brand image. In contrast, religiosity does not significantly impact consumer satisfaction, nor does religiosity have a significant influence on boycotts or brand image. Additionally, negative e-WOM encourages boycotts, which harm brand image and reduce consumer satisfaction. These findings underscore the importance for companies, particularly Starbucks Indonesia, to closely monitor negative e-WOM, with a focus on upholding moral and religious values. As well as strengthening the brand image. Future research should consider consumer loyalty as a dependent variable, future explore religiosity dimensions, and expand the study to other industries. This study provides valuable insight for academics and businesses regarding the interplay between e-WOM, religiosity, and boycotts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tanya Aulia Ramadanti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Maggot Frass Fertilizer: Effects on Productivity and Economic Efficiency in Organic Vegetable Farming
Maggot frass fertilizer derived from larvae waste processing represents an innovative organic fertilizer with significant potential for supporting sustainable agriculture implementation, particularly in organic vegetable commodities. This study aimed to analyze the technical effectiveness of maggot frass fertilizer application in organic vegetable cultivation and examine the economic efficiency of farming systems in Panji Village, Buleleng, Bali. Results demonstrated that maggot frass fertilizer application technically increased crop productivity by 15%. The study design has been clarified as a cross-sectional descriptive field study. Quantitative methods are used for effectiveness evaluation and business feasibility analysis, employing the R/C ratio. an average effectiveness value of 76.33% based on criteria including yield achievement, cost planning, and application dose appropriateness. Regarding economic efficiency, maggot frass reduced fertilizer costs by 29.73% with R/C ratios of 2.6 (non-organic) and 3.7 (organic), indicating high business feasibility. These findings suggest that maggot frass represents not only an effective agronomic innovation but also constitutes part of a sustainable agricultural approach based on local resources and principles of the circular economy. Therefore, institutional strengthening and policy support are required to enhance broader and more sustainable adoption of maggot frass technology.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nyoman Yudiarini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effect of Livelihood Capital on the Sustainable Livelihood of Rice Farmers in Penanggungan Village, Mojokerto Regency, East Java, Indonesia
Sustainable livelihoods are a crucial concept in efforts to achieve balanced social, economic, and environmental prosperity. In reality, many communities face challenges with their implementation, including uncertain income and limited access to existing resources. The existence of these problems necessitates effective strategies for achieving sustainable livelihoods. This research aims to analyze sustainable livelihood strategies by optimizing the livelihood capital owned by rice farmers. This research was conducted in Penanggungan Village, Trawas District, Mojokerto Regency. This research was conducted in February – March 2024. This research focused on farmers who grow rice plants, with 134 respondents. The method used is a sustainable livelihood approach based on livelihood capital. Data analysis used logistic regression. The results obtained from human capital, social capital, and physical capital have a significant and positive impact on sustainable livelihoods. Meanwhile, natural capital has no significant effect, and financial capital has a negative and insignificant impact on sustainable livelihoods. Thus, human capital, social capital, and physical capital have the opportunity to improve farmers’ sustainable livelihoods.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zulfan Firdaus Ma'ruf https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Marketing Channels, Margin and Farmer Share, and The Marketing Mix of Stingless Bee Honey in North Sumatra, Indonesia: A Field Survey
The uniqueness of stingless bee honey makes it an attractive choice as both food and natural medicine for honey consumers, who were previously dominated by honey produced by honeybees (Apis mellifera). This study examines the marketing of stingless bee honey in North Sumatra. The objectives were to determine marketing channels and functions, farmer share, share margin, and the marketing mix. This study uses a cross-sectional survey in five districts/cities in North Sumatra. Respondents were selected using the purposive sampling method (11 stingless bee farmers with at least 50 colonies and at least 5 years of experience), snowball sampling (5 resellers) by recording buying and selling prices. The study results show that three marketing channels are used, with farmers sharing 64.6% on channel 2, yielding an average margin of IDR 106,088/kg. This study found that the longer the distribution chain, the smaller the proportion of income received by farmers (farmer share). Direct channels provide full margins to farmers, whereas the involvement of resellers significantly reduces the farmer's share of the profit. The implications of these findings underscore the importance of developing more efficient and equitable marketing strategies for farmers, including the effective use of digital platforms to expand their markets. However, this study was limited to a specific region and sample. Further studies are recommended to analyze channel efficiency and the impact of digital promotions on increasing sales and farmer welfare.
Copyright (c) 2025 ummu harmain, jef rudiantho saragih, tri martial https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Comparative Effects of Trichoderma and EM4 in Aerobic–Anaerobic Tiered-Bucket Production on Liquid Organic Fertilizer and Compost Quality
Organic waste is an abundant resource but remains underutilized as a safe and nutrient-rich organic fertilizer. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Trichoderma as an alternative bioactivator to EM4 in improving the quality of liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) and compost through tiered bucket systems under aerobic (A2) and anaerobic (A1) conditions. A randomized complete block design was used with five Trichoderma doses (0; 15; 20; 25; 30 mL.L⁻¹) and EM4 (30 mL.L⁻¹) as a comparison. The liquid and solid fractions were analyzed for C, N, C/N ratio, P₂O₅, K₂O, and heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu) using standard methods. The data were analyzed through ANOVA and orthogonal contrast tests. Results showed that the aerobic system consistently reduced the C/N ratio, producing more mature and stable products, while the anaerobic system tended to retain higher C-organic content. These differences were statistically significant as the aerobic condition (A2) decreased the C/N ratio by 4.74 or 40.93% in liquid organic fertilizer and by 3.62 or 19.52% in compost compared to the anaerobic condition (A1), while total P₂O₅ in liquid organic fertilizer increased by about 14.81% under A2. Medium–high doses of Trichoderma (25–30 mL L⁻¹) in the aerobic system yielded the best quality in terms of maturity, whereas EM4 generally resulted in higher macro-nutrient contents (N, P₂O₅, K₂O). All heavy metal levels were far below the SNI/Ministry of Agriculture thresholds, indicating product safety. Practically, the A2–T3/T4 combination is recommended to produce mature, stable, and safe organic fertilizer, while co-inoculation strategies may be pursued to enhance nutrient content. This study confirms that Trichoderma primarily accelerates humification and stabilizes organic matter, offering a practical, low-cost option for household/community organic waste management within a circular-economy framework; accordingly, the aerobic bucket system with medium–high Trichoderma doses (A2–T3/T4) is recommended to achieve mature, stable LOF–compost. However, the findings are lab-scale and substrate-specific.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ansyori Ansyori, Herfandi Lamdo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Global Market Position and Demand Elasticities of Indonesian Areca Nut: An AIDS Model Analysis
This study aims to analyze the market position and competitiveness of Indonesian areca nut exports in the global market using the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) model. Indonesia has remained the dominant exporter of areca nut globally, holding over 50% of the market share from 2012 to 2024. However, recent fluctuations in export value and competition from other major exporters such as Myanmar, Thailand, and India highlight the need for a deeper understanding of market dynamics. The analysis utilizes secondary data under HS Code 080280, spanning the 2012–2024 period, and employs the Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) approach to estimate own-price, cross-price, and expenditure elasticities. Results indicate that Indonesia’s areca nut exports are price inelastic, suggesting limited responsiveness to price changes. Cross-price elasticity values reveal complementary relationships with India and Myanmar, as well as a substitutive relationship with Thailand. Expenditure elasticity further classifies Indonesian areca nut as a normal good, in contrast to Thailand and Myanmar’s luxury classification, and India’s categorization as an inferior good. These findings provide critical insights for developing strategies to enhance the competitiveness and export performance of Indonesian areca nut in international markets.
Copyright (c) 2025 Silviony Futrinelsa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Factors Influencing the Success of Sustainable Food Home Area (KRPL) in Tanjunganom Sub-District, East Java Province, Indonesia
Sustainable Food Home Area (KRPL) is a household-based food security initiative program. The use of yard land through KRPL activities has been carried out since 2010, encouraging the community to meet its food consumption needs independently and support household-scale food security. In some locations, KRPL activities have not reached their full potential, limiting the achievement of the program's objectives. This study was conducted to analyze the influence of internal and external factors on the success of KRPL activities among KRPL participants. Respondents were selected using a saturated sample, namely 22 women farmers who participated in KRPL activities in Getas Village, Tanjunganom District. Data analysis was conducted using ordinal logistic regression with the aid of SPSS 30 software. The study's results indicated that age in the range of ≤40 years, a time expenditure of 1.5-3 hours/day, and POMOSDA support fall into the medium category, which affects the success of KRPL activities in Getas Village. Spending 1.5–3 hours/day is the factor with the strongest influence, with an opportunity ratio value of (-12,316) = 4,485. This research is beneficial for women farmers who participate in KRPL activities because women farmers can determine the success of KRPL activities, and further guidance needs to be provided to determine the sustainability and implementation of yard land management systems obtained from extension workers (the government) and POMOSDA (the private sector) to face food security challenges, especially at the household scale.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tanjung Prameswari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Discriminating Estate and Smallholder Agricultural Systems Using a Multi-Sensor Agriculture-Weighted Object-Based Classification Framework in Tropical Landscapes
The transformation of tropical landscapes due to agricultural expansion constitutes a significant global environmental challenge. Current land-cover classification methods, however, provide limited differentiation among agricultural management systems. This study develops an agriculture-focused land-cover classification workflow that fuses Landsat 9 optical imagery and PALSAR-2 L-band SAR across a ≈2,500 km² study area in Jambi Province, Sumatra, Indonesia, to enhance discrimination of crop systems and improve spatial coherence via object-based enhancement. A 22-class land-cover taxonomy was supported by 14,029 strategically collected training points. Feature engineering produced 29 predictor variables, including conventional vegetation indices, agricultural-specific metrics, water indicators, and SAR-derived structural features. Models were evaluated on an independent test dataset comprising 4,209 samples. An agriculture-weighted Random Forest classifier with strategic class weighting was implemented and followed by Simple Linear Iterative Clustering (SLIC) object-based enhancement to suppress speckle and enforce spatial contiguity. The classification achieved an overall accuracy of 53.7%, with exceptional performance for estate crop systems (F1 = 94%) and reliable forest discrimination. SLIC reduced salt-and-pepper noise by 99.5% and substantially improved spatial coherence metrics, transforming fragmented pixel-based outputs into operationally viable products. Despite these gains, discriminating smallholder mosaics remains challenging and likely requires additional temporal or higher-resolution inputs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yudi Triyanto, Jerry Maulana Siregar, Risna Maya Sari, Angga Putra Juledi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Optimizing Biotogrow Liquid Fertilizer Concentration and Application Frequency for Lettuce Cultivation Under Tropical Cambisol Conditions
This greenhouse study investigated the impact of Biotogrow liquid organic fertilizer concentration and application frequency on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) growth and yield at Telaga Kodok from May to August 2024. The purpose of the research is to determine the effect of Biotogrow Liquid Fertiliser concentration and fertilisation interval, as well as the interaction between the two, on the growth and production of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Using a factorial Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications, researchers tested four Biotogrow concentrations (0, 2, 5, and 8 ml L⁻¹) and four fertilization intervals (0, 4, 7, and 10 days). Growth parameters, including plant height, leaf number, leaf area, fresh weights, shoot-to-root ratio, and harvest index, were measured at 14, 21, 28, and 35 days after planting. ANOVA and Duncan's Multiple Range Test (α = 0.05) revealed significant findings. Biotogrow concentration substantially influenced plant height at 21, 28, and 35 DAP (P < 0.01), leaf number throughout all observation periods (P < 0.05 at 14 DAP; P < 0.01 thereafter), plus shoot and root fresh weight, leaf area, and harvest index (P < 0.01). Fertilization intervals significantly affected all parameters except the shoot-to-root ratio (P < 0.01). Importantly, concentration-interval interactions showed highly significant effects on leaf number at 35 DAP, shoot fresh weight, and leaf area (P < 0.01), with significant impacts on plant height at 28 and 35 DAP, leaf number at 28 DAP, and root fresh weight (P < 0.05). These results demonstrate that optimizing both Biotogrow concentration and application timing can significantly enhance lettuce productivity under greenhouse conditions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jeanne Ivonne Nendissa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Comparative Study: Internal Marketing Value of Shallot Hydroponic Performance Using NFT vs. DFT Across Two Growth Periods
Urban farming has emerged as a strategic response to the challenges of land scarcity and food security in metropolitan areas. This study investigates the financial performance and internal marketing value of shallot (Allium cepa var. aggregatum) agribusiness cultivated hydroponically using Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) and Deep Flow Technique (DFT) systems across two planting cycles. Conducted as a case study at P4S Galih Jaya, the research employed a quantitative descriptive approach, combining direct observation, financial documentation review, and structured stakeholder interviews. Key metrics, production output, net income, Benefit-Cost (B/C) ratio, and Break-Even Point (BEP), were calculated using standard agribusiness financial formulas. Internal marketing indicators, including employee understanding, decision alignment, and motivation, were assessed through pre- and post-cycle surveys and integrated into participatory training sessions. Results indicated that the DFT system in cycle 2 yielded the highest net income (IDR 2,036,725) and B/C ratio (3.6), while the NFT system in cycle 1 incurred a financial loss (IDR -10,155) with a B/C ratio of 0.9. These findings were embedded into internal communication tools and stakeholder training sessions to foster data-driven decision-making. Internal marketing indicators showed marked improvement between periods, demonstrating the strategic value of integrating financial literacy into agribusiness operations. The study concludes that the selection of a hydroponic system not only affects profitability but also internal stakeholder engagement. The comparative study framework offers a replicable model for urban farmers seeking to align technical performance with internal adoption and strategic planning. Further research is recommended across successive planting periods to assess long-term viability and deepen internal marketing impact.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ristina Siti Sundari, Budhi Wahyu Fitriadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Influence of Product Attributes on Organic Vegetable Purchase Decisions of Young Consumers Through Delivery Services
The growing awareness of health and environmental concerns has led to an increase in the consumption of organic vegetables, especially among young consumers. This study aims to identify key factors influencing their purchasing behavior and provide insights for improving business service strategies. Data were collected from 162 purposively selected students at Brawijaya University and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with WarpPLS. The results indicate that product actuality has the strongest influence on purchasing behavior (effect size = 0.229, p < 0.05), followed by delivery service (0.153, p < 0.05). Delivery service is significantly affected by product actuality, quality, health issues, appearance, freshness, and taste, as well as curiosity and prestige (all p < 0.05). Mediating effects are also significant for product actuality and appearance (p < 0.1). These findings highlight the importance of ensuring authentic products and optimizing delivery services to enhance business performance in the organic market segment.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ranatasya Pramudita https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Technical Efficiency and Production Determinants of Household-scale Grape Farming in an Agritourism Village of Ciganjeng, Pangandaran, Indonesia
The establishment of a tourist village with grapes as a tourist attraction in a suboptimal area is strongly influenced by the level of efficiency, both technically and economically. Suboptimal land in Pangandaran Regency is characterized by dryness, so inefficiency in input use can lead to low production and productivity levels in grape cultivation. Furthermore, the presence of a tourist village has an impact on the social life of the local community. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that influence grape cultivation as an agritourism activity. In addition, to measure the technical and economic efficiency of grape cultivation at the household scale. The method used in this study was parametric statistics with the Stochastic Frontier Analysis approach. The sample was selected through purposive sampling, comprising 60 respondents who cultivate plants. The research respondents were selected with the criteria of farmers who have grown grapes for more than 2 years. The results showed that the level of efficiency of grape cultivation in the yard has a technical efficiency value of 0.856. Factors that influence the level of technical efficiency are the number of trees, the amount of manure, the amount of growth fertilizer, and labor. Meanwhile, the socioeconomic factor that influences the level of technical inefficiency is the age of the farmer. The age of the farmer has a significant impact on the level of inefficiency in grape cultivation activities. The recommendation from this research is that input subsidy programs, such as compost fertilizer, should continue to be provided to grape farmers. Comparative studies with other tourist villages should be conducted to obtain market information. Additionally, training programs for the young generation in grape cultivation should be implemented to maintain agrotourism.
Copyright (c) 2025 ulpah Jakiyah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Population Growth of Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) on Various Commercial and Non-commercial Flour
Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) is a major stored product pest that can damage flour in storage. The infestation of T. confusum causes contamination of stored grain, such as flour. Research about the population growth of T. confusum in various commercial and non-commercial flours is still limited. This study aims to determine the population growth of T. confusum in various commercial and non-commercial flours. The study was conducted using the no-choice test method (NCTM). This study used a treatment jar containing 30 g of diet and infested 15 pairs of T. confusum adults for 7 days. Data obtained from this research were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and further analyzed using the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a 5% significance level. The results showed that the number of larvae, pupae, and F1 progeny of T. confusum was higher in non-commercial red rice flour (80, 50 individuals; 59, 50 individuals; 57, 50 individuals) compared to other types of flour. The chemical characteristics of diets that can affect the population growth of T. confusum include fat, ash, carbohydrate, and phenol content. In conclusion, understanding the chemical characteristics of flour is crucial for developing a strategy to control T. confusum.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ratna Wulandari, Ludji Pantja Astuti, Bambang Tri Rahardjo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0